{"id":1009,"date":"2025-11-27T15:25:13","date_gmt":"2025-11-27T15:25:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abuelosdetexas.com\/?page_id=1009"},"modified":"2025-11-30T05:40:03","modified_gmt":"2025-11-30T05:40:03","slug":"brownsville-brothers","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/abuelosdetexas.com\/?page_id=1009","title":{"rendered":"Brownsville brothers"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

THE BROWNSVILLE BROTHERS & DEFENDERS<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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“Peace be with you! Good inhabitants of the State of Texas, look on them (Tejanos & Mexicans) as brothers, and keep in mind that which the Holy Spirit saith: “Thou shalt not be the friend of the passionate man; nor join thyself to the madman, lest thou learn his mode of work and scandalize thy soul.” – 1859 Proclamation to State of Texas by Juan Nepomuceno Cortina Cavazos<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the years following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, white settlers migrated into the American Southwest, where disputes over land and wealth led to conflict between the two groups. Juan Cortina, a wealthy landowner in Brownsville, Texas, led a group of men in armed conflict against Texas law enforcement. As Cortina and his followers confronted local law enforcement officers who had murdered and taken the land of various Mexicans, Cortina issued two proclamations to explain and justify his reasons for violence. In his November proclamation, Cortina explains his motives in taking up arms against the Anglos. Cortina points out that Mexicans have been denied the promises of American citizenship given to them by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and he describes the characteristics of the Mexican race that provide the strength for them to overcome their oppressors. Corina proudly takes the title of \u201cbandit\u201d and promises to fight for the good of the Mexican people until they are treated with respect and given equal treatment under the law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Juan N. Cortina\u2019s 1859 proclamation is a passionate defense of the Tejano community of South Texas in the aftermath of the U.S.\u2013Mexican War. Writing from his ranch in Cameron County, Cortina denounces the land theft, discrimination, and violence Tejanos were suffering under Anglo newcomers who seized property, falsified titles, and murdered or jailed Mexicans with impunity. He frames his uprising not as banditry but as a righteous mission to protect a peaceful and hardworking people from injustice. Declaring himself ready to die for their freedom, he calls for unity, secrecy, and resistance, placing the fate of Texas Mexicans under divine protection and expressing hope that Sam Houston might restore justice. The proclamation marks one of the earliest political manifestos defending Mexican-American rights in the Rio Grande Valley.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Read Proclamation<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Carlos Villarreal Esparza and Juan N. Cortina Cavazos are first cousins in spanish they would be called “primo hermano” meaning cousin brothers. They are spaniards so their skin is white but their hears are mestizo “Mixed Blood” (what we call “Mexican” today). Together they fought to protect Tejanos and Mexicans from anglo persecution, land theft, and murder. Their “Black Tigers” group raided anglo ranches to free slaves and help them escape to Mexico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The Cortina Wars – Defending Their People<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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The revitalized art gallery is set to redefine cultural landscape.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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The revitalized Art Gallery is set to redefine the cultural landscape of Toronto, serving as a nexus of artistic expression, community engagement, and architectural marvel. The expansion and renovation project pay homage to the Art Gallery’s rich history while embracing the future, ensuring that the gallery remains a beacon of inspiration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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The revitalized Art Gallery is set to redefine the cultural landscape of Toronto, serving as a nexus of artistic expression, community engagement, and architectural marvel. The expansion and renovation project pay homage to the Art Gallery’s rich history while embracing the future, ensuring that the gallery remains a beacon of inspiration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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\u00c9tudes<\/em> is not confined to the past\u2014we are passionate about the cutting edge designs shaping our world today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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1. Through \u00c9tudes, we aspire to redefine architectural boundaries and usher in a new era of design excellence that leaves an indelible mark on the built environment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Our comprehensive suite of professional services caters to a diverse clientele, ranging from homeowners to commercial developers. With a commitment to innovation and sustainability, \u00c9tudes is the bridge that transforms architectural dreams into remarkable built realities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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2. Case studies that celebrate the artistry can fuel curiosity and ignite inspiration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Art<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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THE BROWNSVILLE BROTHERS & DEFENDERS “Peace be with you! Good inhabitants of the State of Texas, look on them (Tejanos & Mexicans) as brothers, and keep in mind that which the Holy Spirit saith: “Thou shalt not be the friend of the passionate man; nor join thyself to the madman, lest thou learn his mode […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":30,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"cybocfi_hide_featured_image":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1009","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/abuelosdetexas.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1009","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/abuelosdetexas.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/abuelosdetexas.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abuelosdetexas.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abuelosdetexas.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1009"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/abuelosdetexas.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1009\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1202,"href":"https:\/\/abuelosdetexas.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1009\/revisions\/1202"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abuelosdetexas.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/30"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/abuelosdetexas.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1009"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}